System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
all of the listed here

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System Analysis and Design
A couple:

means that the upper module has the capability of calling the lower module
is represented by a line joining two modules
None of these
is a data item that moves from one module to another
None of these

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