System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
a map of the programmer's view of the data
a group of related fields
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level

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System Analysis and Design
Direct-access organization

means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
uses an index for each key type
has records placed randomly throughout the file

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