System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that the black box is independent
All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
None of these

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System Analysis and Design
Direct-access organization

has records placed randomly throughout the file
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
uses an index for each key type
Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records

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