System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

all of the listed here
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity

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System Analysis and Design
Direct-access organization

means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
has records placed randomly throughout the file
Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
uses an index for each key type

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