System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed
All of these
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.
None of these

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System Analysis and Design
Data Definition Language (DDL)

determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
describes how data are structured in the data base
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data
all of the listed here

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System Analysis and Design
Advantages of Relational Database Management systems are

All of these
Flexibility, of relating different logical files
None of these
Data independence since it allows the database to grow by adding new attributes and relations.
Security controls can be more easily implemented.

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