Luminous flux measures the total radiant power reaching a surface, but without regard to surface position: the power might be concentrated on only part of the surface or spread evenly across it. Irradiance (Ee) or illuminance (Ev) is the density of incident radiant flux or luminous flux at a point on a surface and is defined as radiant flux or luminous flux per unit area, as given by E = dφ/dA where (dφ) is the radiant flux or luminous flux incident on an element dA of the surface containing the point. The unit of irradiance is Wm−2, and that of illuminance is lux
Galvanized steel conductors do not corrode, and possess high resistance. Hence such Wires are used in telecommunications circuits, earth wires, guard wire, stray wire, etc.
In the given diagram all are NOR Gate . The final output is shown in the figure. At stage 1 the output will be \overline A \& \overline B At stage 2 the output will be \overline {\overline A + \overline B } = A.B And the final output will be \overline {A.B} Hence for input A & B the output is \overline {AB} in case of Nand gate.