Machine Design
When the connected members are very yielding (soft gasket) as compared to the bolt, then the resultant load on the bolt will be equal to the

Initial tension
External load applied
Initial tension or external load, whichever is greater
Sum of the initial tension and external load applied

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Machine Design
A stud

Has both the ends threaded
Has pointed threads
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined

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