Machine Design
When the connected members are very yielding (soft gasket) as compared to the bolt, then the resultant load on the bolt will be equal to the

Initial tension
Initial tension or external load, whichever is greater
Sum of the initial tension and external load applied
External load applied

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Machine Design
In cross or regular lay ropes

Wires are not twisted
Direction of twist of wires and strands are same
Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands
Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction

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