Machine Design
When the connected members are very yielding (soft gasket) as compared to the bolt, then the resultant load on the bolt will be equal to the

External load applied
Initial tension
Initial tension or external load, whichever is greater
Sum of the initial tension and external load applied

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Machine Design
The contact ratio is the ratio of

Length of arc of approach to the circular pitch
Length of arc of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of recess to the circular pitch
Length of path of contact to the circular pitch

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