Machine Design
When the connected members are very yielding (soft gasket) as compared to the bolt, then the resultant load on the bolt will be equal to the

Initial tension
Sum of the initial tension and external load applied
External load applied
Initial tension or external load, whichever is greater

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Machine Design
Plastic flow in ductile materials

Has no effect on it
Lessens the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Increases the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Depends on other considerations

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