Machine Design
When the bolt is very yielding as compared to the connected members, then the resultant load on the bolt will be equal to the

Sum of the initial tension and external load applied
Initial tension
External load applied
Initial tension or external load, whichever is greater

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Machine Design
A bolt

Has both the ends threaded
Is provided with pointed threads
Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other

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