Theory of Machine
When the addenda on pinion and wheel is such that the path of approach and path of recess are half of their maximum possible values, then the length of the path of contact is given by (where r = Pitch circle radius of pinion, R = Pitch circle radius of wheel, and φ = Pressure angle)

[(r² + R²) sinφ]/2
[(r + R) cosφ]/2
[(r² + R²) cosφ]/2
[(r + R) sinφ]/2

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Theory of Machine
When a mass of a critically damped single degree of freedom system is deflected from its equilibrium position and released, then it will

Oscillate with increasing time period
Oscillate with decreasing amplitude
Return to equilibrium position without oscillation
Oscillate with constant amplitude

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