Theory of Machine
When the addenda on pinion and wheel is such that the path of approach and path of recess are half of their maximum possible values, then the length of the path of contact is given by (where r = Pitch circle radius of pinion, R = Pitch circle radius of wheel, and φ = Pressure angle)

[(r + R) cosφ]/2
[(r + R) sinφ]/2
[(r² + R²) cosφ]/2
[(r² + R²) sinφ]/2

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Theory of Machine
Two pulleys of radii r₁ and r₂ and at distance x apart are connected by means of a cross belt drive. The length of the belt is

π (r₁ + r₂) + [(r₁ + r₂)²/x] + 2x
π (r₁ + r₂) + [(r₁ - r₂)²/x] + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + [(r₁ - r₂)²/x] + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + [(r₁ + r₂)²/x] + 2x

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of the listed here
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston

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