Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is the

Ratio of the actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel
Ratio of the actual power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine
None of these
Ratio of the work done on the wheel to the energy of the jet

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