Machine Design
When a nut is tightened by placing a washer below it, the bolt will be subjected to following type of loads

Shear
Combined loads
Tension
Compression

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Machine Design
In a hydrodynamic lubricated bearing

There is no lubricant between the journal and the bearing
The lubricant is forced between the journal and the bearing, by external pressure
There is a thin film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing
There is a thick film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing

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