Machine Design
When a nut is tightened by placing a washer below it, the bolt will be subjected to following type of loads

Compression
Combined loads
Tension
Shear

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Machine Design
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of

Effective length of column to width of column
Effective length of column to least radius of gyration of the column
Maximum size of column to minimum size of column
Width of column to depth of column

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