Machine Design
When a nut is tightened by placing a washer below it, the bolt will be subjected to following type of loads

Combined loads
Shear
Compression
Tension

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Machine Design
The angle of twist of shaft is

Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴
Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)²
Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴
Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)²

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