System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

All of these
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed
to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.
None of these

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System Analysis and Design
Data manipulation language (DML)

determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
all of the listed here
describes how data are structured in the data base
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data

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