System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
all of the listed here

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System Analysis and Design
Advantages of Relational Database Management systems are

Data independence since it allows the database to grow by adding new attributes and relations.
Security controls can be more easily implemented.
Flexibility, of relating different logical files
None of these
All of these

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