System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

all of the listed here
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.

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System Analysis and Design
Indexed-Sequential organization

stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
uses an index for each key type
has records placed randomly throughout the file
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key

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