Plant Structure
Any system that is not at equilibrium

is thermodynamically unstable, although it may be kinetically stable
is rushing toward equilibrium at a very rapid rate
requires an enzyme to reach equilibrium
is kinetically unstable, although it may be thermodynamically stable

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

None of these
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo
Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions

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Plant Structure
Which of the following observations is not used as evidence to support the concept of endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Both strongly resemble prokaryotes, especially in size
Both can live and function independently of the cell
Both have their own DNA
Both have their own ribosomes

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