Plant Structure
What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients?

The redox reactions of electron transport
ATP
Creatine phosphate
Glycolysis

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
None of these

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