Plant Structure
What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients?

ATP
Creatine phosphate
The redox reactions of electron transport
Glycolysis

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Plant Structure
The mitochondria were known in the nineteenth century to be osmotically active on the basis of evidence that

the mitochondrial matrix is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm
mitochondria are surrounded by a semi permeable membrane
the mitochondrial matrix is hypotonic to the cellular cytoplasm
mitochondria were derived from a symbiotic bacterium

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Plant Structure
Cellular metabolism is an example of

a series of reactions that defy the second law of thermodynamics
equilibrium metabolism
steady-state metabolism
a series of reactions occurring under standard conditions

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