Plant Structure
What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients?

Glycolysis
ATP
Creatine phosphate
The redox reactions of electron transport

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Plant Structure
Which of the following observations is not used as evidence to support the concept of endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Both strongly resemble prokaryotes, especially in size
Both have their own DNA
Both have their own ribosomes
Both can live and function independently of the cell

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo
None of these

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