Plant Structure
What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients?

The redox reactions of electron transport
Creatine phosphate
ATP
Glycolysis

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Plant Structure
Any system that is not at equilibrium

is thermodynamically unstable, although it may be kinetically stable
is kinetically unstable, although it may be thermodynamically stable
is rushing toward equilibrium at a very rapid rate
requires an enzyme to reach equilibrium

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Plant Structure
The mitochondria were known in the nineteenth century to be osmotically active on the basis of evidence that

mitochondria were derived from a symbiotic bacterium
the mitochondrial matrix is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm
the mitochondrial matrix is hypotonic to the cellular cytoplasm
mitochondria are surrounded by a semi permeable membrane

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