Plant Structure
What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients?

ATP
Glycolysis
The redox reactions of electron transport
Creatine phosphate

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Plant Structure
Cellular metabolism is an example of

steady-state metabolism
a series of reactions occurring under standard conditions
equilibrium metabolism
a series of reactions that defy the second law of thermodynamics

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

None of these
Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo

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