DC Generators
To avoid formation of grooves in the commutator of a D.C. machine

All of these
The brushes of opposite polarity should track each other
Brush position has no effect on the commutator grooving
The brushes of same polarity should track each other

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DC Generators
When two D.C. series generators are running in parallel, an equalizer bar is used

To reduce the combined effect of armature reaction of both machines
So that two similar machines will pass approximately equal currents to the load
To increase the speed and hence generated e.m.f.
To increase the series flux

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DC Generators
In a D.C. generator

External resistance = internal characteristic armature reaction
External characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop armature reaction
Internal characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop
Magnetization characteristic = external characteristic

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