Process Control and Instrumentation
Time constant is the

Same as transportation lag
Same as dead time
Time required by the measured variable to reach 63.2% of its ultimate change
Time taken by the controlled variable to reach 63.2% of its full change

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Routh test

Cannot be used to test the stability of a control system containing transportation lag
Criterion is not applicable to systems with polynomial characteristic equation
Criterion provides information about the actual location of roots
Can not determine as to how many roots of the characteristics equation have positive real roots

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Accurate temperature measurement performance of a radiation pyrometer can not be affected, if the

Enhancement or attentuation of redia-tion occurs in the sighting path
Object has varying emissivity
Object is transparent
Object and surrounding are at almost the same temperature

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