Process Control and Instrumentation
Time constant is the

Time required by the measured variable to reach 63.2% of its ultimate change
Same as transportation lag
Same as dead time
Time taken by the controlled variable to reach 63.2% of its full change

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Process Control and Instrumentation
In a closed loop system, the process to be controlled is an integrating process with transfer function l/2s. The controller proposed to be used in an integral controller with transfer function 1/T₁s. When a step change in set point is applied to such a closed loop system, the controlled variable will exhibit

Overdamped response
Underdamped response
Unstable response
Undamped response

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Normal mercury thermometer can be used to measure a temperature of about 300°C. However, its maximum temperature measurement range can be increased upto about 500°C by

Filling nitrogen under pressure in the stem
Accounting for the tube expansion
Increasing the diameter of the tube
Using steel tube in place of glass tube

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