Process Control and Instrumentation
The characteristic equation for the control system with a closed loop transfer function G₁/1 + G₂ is given by 1 + G₂ = 0. The characteristic equation for the control system

Depends only upon the open loop transfer function
Is the same for set point or load changes
Determines its stability
All of these

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Vapour actuated pressure spring thermometer does not require ambient temperature compensation. Ambient temperature compensation is provided in gas or liquid expansion pressure spring thermometer by

Making the volume of thermometer bulb as large as conveniently possible
Reducing the volume of the receiving element to a minimum
All of these
Reducing the volume of the capillary to a minimum

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