Process Control and Instrumentation
Time constant is the

Same as transportation lag
Time required by the measured variable to reach 63.2% of its ultimate change
Time taken by the controlled variable to reach 63.2% of its full change
Same as dead time

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Normal mercury thermometer can be used to measure a temperature of about 300°C. However, its maximum temperature measurement range can be increased upto about 500°C by

Accounting for the tube expansion
Using steel tube in place of glass tube
Filling nitrogen under pressure in the stem
Increasing the diameter of the tube

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