Electrical Machines
Armature reaction in a DC machine

 is in direct opposition to the main poles.
  makes an angle of 90° with the main pole axis.
 makes an angle with the main pole axis which is load dependent.
 is in the same direction as the main poles.

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Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.
  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  both (A) and (B).

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