Electrical Machines
The shaft torque of a dc motor is less than the electromagnetic torque because of

  eddy current losses.
  mechanical losses.
  hysteresis losses.
  ohmic losses.

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Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.
  both (A) and (B).

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