Electrical Machines
The shaft torque of a dc motor is less than the electromagnetic torque because of

  hysteresis losses.
  ohmic losses.
  mechanical losses.
  eddy current losses.

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Electrical Machines
Interpoles in a DC motor must be

 Series excited and should have the same polarity as that of the behind main pole in the direction of rotation of armature.
 Series excited and should have the same polarity as that of the ahead main pole in the direction of rotation of armature.
 Shunt excited and should have the same polarity as that of the ahead main pole in the direction of rotation of armature.
 Shunt excited and should have the same polarity as that of the behind main pole in the direction of rotation of armature.

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