Electrical Machines
The shaft torque of a dc motor is less than the electromagnetic torque because of

  hysteresis losses.
  ohmic losses.
  mechanical losses.
  eddy current losses.

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Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.
  any of the above methods.
  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  coupling it with a DC compound motor.

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