Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The undershot water wheels are those in which

The wheel runs entirely by the impulse of water
None of these
The wheel runs entirely by the weight of water
The wheel runs partly by the weight of water and partly by the impulse of water

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)

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