Theory of Machine
The unbalanced force due to reciprocating masses

Constant in magnitude and direction both
Varies in magnitude but constant in direction
Varies in magnitude and direction both
Varies in direction but constant in magnitude

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3

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