Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The theoretical indicator diagram of a simple steam engine is based upon the assumption that

The expansion (or compression) of the steam is hyperbolic
There is no pressure drop due to condensation
Steam is admitted at boiler pressure and exhausted at condenser pressure
All of these

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The diagram factor is the ratio of the

Area of the actual indicator diagram to the area of theoretical indicator diagram
Actual workdone per stroke to the theoretical workdone per stroke
Actual mean effective pressure to the theoretical mean effective pressure
Any one of the above

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In regenerative air preheaters, the heat is transferred

By direct mixing
Heat is transferred by bleeding some gas from furnace
From a metal wall from one medium to another
From heating an intermediate material and then heating the air from this material

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