Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.
  coupling it with a DC compound motor.
  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  any of the above methods.

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Electrical Machines
In an alternator, voltage drops occurs in

  armature resistance and leakage reactance.
  armature resistance, leakage reactance and armature reaction.
  armature resistance, leakage reactance, armature reaction and earth connection.
  armature resistance only.

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