Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
double sighting
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two

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Surveying
The length of a chain is measured from

outside of one handle to outside of other handle
centre of one handle to centre of other handle
inside of one handle to inside of other handle
outside of one handle to inside of other handle

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