Surveying
The scale of a tilted photograph of focal length f, taken from an altitude H, along the plate parallel through plumb point, is

f/H sec θ
f/H
f sec θ/H
f/H cos ½θ

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag

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