Surveying
‘H’ is the flying height above mean ground level and ‘f’ is the principal distance of a vertical photograph. The mean scale of the photographs is

f/H
H. f
H/f
H + f

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Surveying
If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be rotated

on its outer spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and gra-duated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate

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