Surveying
The negative sign is assigned to

All listed here
Correction for horizontal alignment
Reduction to mean sea level
Correction for slope

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Surveying
For mapping any country

Primary triangles are broken down into secondary triangles of somewhat lesser accuracy
Geodetic triangulation of greatest possible sides and accuracy is carried out
All listed here
Secondary triangles are further broken into third and fourth order triangles, the points of which are used for detail surveys

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