Machine Design
The angle of twist of shaft is

Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴
Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴
Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)²
Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)²

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
All of these
Abrupt change of section

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