System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

None of these
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.
to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
Direct-access organization

Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
has records placed randomly throughout the file
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
uses an index for each key type

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System Analysis and Design
Data manipulation language (DML)

determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data
describes how data are structured in the data base
all of the listed here

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