Machine Design
The resultant axial load on a bolt depends on

Relative elastic yielding (springness) of the bolt and the connected member
All of these
Initial tension
External load applied

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Machine Design
A stud

Has pointed threads
Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has both the ends threaded
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other

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