Internal Combustion Engines
The ratio of the indicated thermal efficiency to the air standard efficiency is known as

Volumetric efficiency
Relative efficiency
Mechanical efficiency
Overall efficiency

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Internal Combustion Engines
Which one of the following event would reduce volumetric efficiency of a vertical compression ignition engine?

Inlet valve opening before top dead center
Exhaust valve closing after top dead center
Inlet valve closing after bottom dead center
Inlet valve closing before bottom dead center

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