Machine Design
The piston rod of a steam engine is usually connected to the cross-head by means of

Knuckle joint
Bolted joint
Universal joint
Cotter joint

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Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending
Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to bending

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Machine Design
In a band and block brake, the ratio of tensions on the tight and slack sides of band is given by (where μ = Coefficient of friction between the blocks and the drum, θ = Semi-angle of each block subtending at the centre of drum, and n = Number of blocks)

T₁/T₂ = [(1 - μ tanθ)/ (1 + μ tanθ)]n
T₁/T₂ = μθ × n
T₁/T₂ = [(1 + μ tanθ)/ (1 - μ tanθ)]n
T₁/T₂ = (μθ)n

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