Surveying
The permissible error in chaining for measurement with chain on rough or hilly ground is

1 in 1000
1 in 250
1 in 500
1 in 100

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

double sighting
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two

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