Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Cavitation will begin when

pressure is increased
flow is increased
the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid
pressure becomes more than critical pressure

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