Environmental Engineering
The most commonly used sewer under culverts is

Horseshoe type sewer
Circular brick sewer
Circular cast iron sewer
Semi-elliptical sewer

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Environmental Engineering
In lime-soda process

Only noncarbonated hardness is removed
Lime reduces the carbonate hardness and soda-ash removes the non-carbonate hardness
Lime reduces the non-carbonate hardness and soda-ash removes the carbonate hardness
Only carbonate hardness is removed

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