RCC Structures Design
If p₁ and p₂ are mutually perpendicular principal stresses acting on a soil mass, the normal stress on any plane inclined at angle θ° to the principal plane carrying the principal stress p₁, is:

[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] sin 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] sin 2θ

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RCC Structures Design
Bottom bars under the columns are extended into the interior of the footing slab to a distance greater than

42 diameters from the outer edge of the column
42 diameters from the inner edge of the column
42 diameters from the centre of the column
24 diameters from the centre of the column

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