Engineering Thermodynamics
The main cause for the irreversibility is

All of these
Mechanical and fluid friction
Unrestricted expansion
Heat transfer with a finite temperature difference

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Engineering Thermodynamics
An isolated system is one in which

Mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do so
Neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
Mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
Both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system

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