Engineering Thermodynamics
The main cause for the irreversibility is

Heat transfer with a finite temperature difference
Unrestricted expansion
All of these
Mechanical and fluid friction

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Engineering Thermodynamics
Producer gas is obtained by

Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 650°C
Partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast
Passing steam over incandescent coke
Carbonization of bituminous coal

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