Water, pH and Macromolecules
The lone pair electrons on oxygen in a H20 molecule

form covalent bonds in ice
carry a partial negative charge
carry a partial positive charge
are not important for the properties of water

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Buffer solutions

are rarely found in living systems
will always have a pH of 7
cause a decrease in pH when acids are added to them.
tend to maintain a relatively constant pH.

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Salt dissolves well in water as water molecules

surround the ions because of their charge but do not form hydrogen bonds
form hydrogen bonds with the positively and negatively charged ions
make nonpolar covalent bonds with the positively charged ions only
share electrons with the ions to make polar covalent bonds

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