RCC Structures Design
The load stress of a section can be reduced by

Increasing the total perimeter of bars
Replacing larger bars by greater number of small bars
Decreasing the lever arm
Replacing smaller bars by greater number of greater bars

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RCC Structures Design
If p₁ and p₂ are mutually perpendicular principal stresses acting on a soil mass, the normal stress on any plane inclined at angle θ° to the principal plane carrying the principal stress p₁, is:

[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] sin 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] sin 2θ

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