Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The length AB of a pipe ABC in which the liquid is flowing has diameter (d1) and is suddenly contracted to diameter (d2) at B which is constant for the length BC. The loss of head due to sudden contraction, assuming coefficient of contraction as 0.62, is

v₁²/2g
0.5 v₁²/2g
v₂²/2g
0.375 v₂²/2g

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of resistance is the ratio of

Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge

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