Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The length AB of a pipe ABC in which the liquid is flowing has diameter (d1) and is suddenly contracted to diameter (d2) at B which is constant for the length BC. The loss of head due to sudden contraction, assuming coefficient of contraction as 0.62, is

0.375 v₂²/2g
0.5 v₁²/2g
v₁²/2g
v₂²/2g

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)

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