Surveying
The latitude of a place was obtained by subtracting the zenith distance of a star from its declination, the observed star was between

Zenith and pole
Pole and horizon
Equator and zenith
Horizon and equator

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
double sighting
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two

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