Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a large rectangular orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of the liquid above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of the liquid above the bottom of the orifice, b = Breadth of the orifice, and Cd = Coefficient of discharge)

Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H23/2 - H13/2)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H22 - H12)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H21/2 - H11/2)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H2 - H1)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
When a body is placed over a liquid, it will sink down if

Gravitational force is equal to the up-thrust of the liquid
None of these
Gravitational force is less than the up-thrust of the liquid
Gravitational force is more than the up-thrust of the liquid

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