Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Stanton diagram is a

log-log plot of relative roughness against Reynolds number
semi-log plot of friction factor against relative roughness
log-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number
semi-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water
Total energy measured above the horizontal datum
Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel
Total energy per unit discharge

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