Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The force exerted by a jet of water (in a direction normal to flow) impinging on a fixed plate inclined at an angle θ with the jet is

(waV²/2g) × sin 2θ
(waV/2g) × sin θ
(waV/g) × sin θ
(waV²/g) × sin θ

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To prevent air to enter the turbine
To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race
To transport water to downstream
To run the turbine full

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