Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in a pipe or channel is said to be non-uniform when

The liquid particles at different sections have different velocities
Each liquid particle has a definite path
The liquid particles at all sections have the same velocities
The quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of a reaction turbine, is the ratio of

Actual work available at the turbine to energy imparted to the wheel
None of these
Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)

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