Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in a pipe or channel is said to be non-uniform when

The liquid particles at all sections have the same velocities
The quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant
Each liquid particle has a definite path
The liquid particles at different sections have different velocities

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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