Surveying
The elevation of the star at elongation is obtained by

sin α = cos φ sec δ
sin α = sin φ sec δ
sin α = cos φ cosec δ
sin α = sin φ cosec δ

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels
is less accurate than height of instrument method

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