Surveying
α and β are the angles subtended by a point of elevation h at their air station with respective plumb points. Photo scale and focal length of the lens being ‘S’ and ‘f’ respectively. Parallax displacement of the point due to relief, is

h tan β/S
h (tan α - tan β)/S
h (tan α + tan β)/S
h tan α/S

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Surveying
If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be rotated

on its inner spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and gra-duated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

an open traverse for graphical adjustment
None of these
determine the effect of local attraction
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error

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