Surveying
α and β are the angles subtended by a point of elevation h at their air station with respective plumb points. Photo scale and focal length of the lens being ‘S’ and ‘f’ respectively. Parallax displacement of the point due to relief, is

h (tan α - tan β)/S
h tan α/S
h (tan α + tan β)/S
h tan β/S

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is less accurate than height of instrument method
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels

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Surveying
Circumpolar stars

Remain always above the horizon
Rotate round the celestial pole
Are seldom seen near the pole star
Rotate round the North Pole

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