Surveying
α and β are the angles subtended by a point of elevation h at their air station with respective plumb points. Photo scale and focal length of the lens being ‘S’ and ‘f’ respectively. Parallax displacement of the point due to relief, is

h (tan α + tan β)/S
h (tan α - tan β)/S
h tan β/S
h tan α/S

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Surveying
Circumpolar stars

Rotate round the North Pole
Remain always above the horizon
Rotate round the celestial pole
Are seldom seen near the pole star

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