Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In an inward flow reaction turbine

The water flows parallel to the axis of the wheel
The flow of water is partly radial and partly axial
The water enters the wheel at the outer periphery and then flows towards the center of the wheel
The water enters at the center of the wheel and then flows towards the outer periphery of the wheel

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