Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
There is excessive leakage in the pipe

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow ratio of Francis turbine is defined as the ratio of the

None of these
Velocity of runner at inlet to the velocity of flow at inlet
Velocity of flow at inlet to the theoretical jet velocity
Theoretical velocity of jet to the velocity of flow at inlet

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Cavitation will begin when

pressure becomes more than critical pressure
flow is increased
pressure is increased
the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid

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