Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  coupling it with a DC compound motor.
  any of the above methods.
  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.

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Electrical Machines
Compensating windings are used in DC generators

  to provide path for the circulation of cooling air.
  mainly to reduce the eddy currents by providing local short circuit.
None of these
  to neutralize the cross magnetizing effect of the armature reaction.

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